Lewin’s Leadership Styles

Psychologist Kurt Lewin developed his leadership styles framework in the 1930s, and it provided the foundation of many of the approaches that followed afterwards. He argued that there are three major leadership styles:Autocratic leaders make decisions without consulting their team members, even if their input would be useful. This can be appropriate when you need to make decisions quickly, when there's no need for team input, and when team agreement isn't necessary for a successful outcome. However, this style can be demoralizing, and it can lead to high levels of absenteeism and staff turnover. Democratic leaders make the final decisions, but they include team members in the decision-making process. They encourage creativity, and people are often highly engaged in projects and decisions. As a result, team members tend to have high job satisfaction and high productivity. This is not always an effective style to use, though, when you need to make a quick decision. Laissez-faire leader s give their team members a lot of freedom in how they do their work, and how they set their deadlines.They provide support with resources and advice if needed, but otherwise they don't get involved. This autonomy can lead to high job satisfaction, but it can be damaging if team members don't manage their time well, or if they don't have the knowledge, skills, or self motivation to do their work effectively. (Laissez-faire leadership can also occur when managers don't have control over their work and their people.) Lewin's framework is popular and useful, because it encourages managers to be less autocratic than they might instinctively be.The Blake-Mouton Managerial GridThe Blake-Mouton Managerial Grid was published in 1964, and it highlights the best leadership style to use, based on your concern for your people and your concern for production/tasks.With a people-oriented leadership style, you focus on organizing, supporting, and developing your team members. This participatory st yle encourages good teamwork and creative collaboration.With task-oriented leadership, you focus on getting the job done. You define the work and the roles required, put structures in place, and plan, organize, and monitor work.According to this model, the best leadership style to use is one that has both a high concern for people and a high concern for the task – it argues that you should aim for both, rather than trying to offset one against the other. Clearly, this is an important idea!The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership ® TheoryFirst published in 1969, the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory argues that you need to use different leadership styles depending on the maturity of your team members. The model argues that with relatively immature individuals, you need a more directing approach, while with higher maturity people, you need a more participative or delegating leadership style.You can use this model in most business situations, regardless of whet her you want to build a new team or develop an existing one.Path-Goal TheoryYou may also have to think about what your team members want and need. This is where Path-Goal Theory – published in 1971 – is useful.For example, highly-capable people, who are assigned to a complex task, will need a different leadership approach from people with low ability, who are assigned to an ambiguous task. (The former will want a participative approach, while the latter need to be told what to do.)With Path-Goal Theory, you can identify the best leadership approach to use, based on your people's needs, the task that they're doing, and the environment that they're working in.Six Emotional Leadership StylesDaniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee detailed their Six Emotional Leadership Styles theory in their 2002 book, â€Å"Primal Leadership.†The theory highlights the strengths and weaknesses of six leadership styles that you can use – Visionary, Coaching, Affilia tive, Democratic, Pacesetting, and Commanding. It also shows how each style can affect the emotions of your team members.Flamholtz and Randle's Leadership Style MatrixFirst published in 2007, Flamholtz and Randle's Leadership Style Matrix shows you the best leadership style to use, based on how capable people are of working autonomously, and how creative or â€Å"programmable† the task is.The matrix is divided into four quadrants – each quadrant identifies two possible leadership styles that will be effective for a given situation, ranging from â€Å"autocratic/benevolent autocratic† to â€Å"consensus/laissez-faire.†Transformational LeadershipThese leadership style frameworks are all useful in different situations, however, in business, â€Å"transformational leadership † is often the most effective leadership style to use. (This was first published in 1978, and was then further developed in 1985.)Transformational leaders have integrity and high e motional intelligence . They motivate people with a shared vision of the future, and they communicate well. They're also typically self-aware , authentic , empathetic , and humble .Transformational leaders inspire their team members because they expect the best from everyone, and they hold themselves accountable for their actions. They set clear goals, and they have good conflict-resolution skills . This leads to high productivity and engagement.However, leadership is not a â€Å"one size fits all† thing; often, you must adapt your approach to fit the situation. This is why it's useful to develop a thorough understanding of other leadership frameworks and styles; after all,  the more approaches you're familiar with, the more flexible you can be.Specific Leadership StylesAs well as understanding the frameworks that you can use to be a more effective leader, and knowing what it takes to be a transformational leader, it's also useful to learn about more general leadership styl es, and the advantages and disadvantages of each one.Let's take a look at some other leadership styles that are interesting, but don't fit with any of the frameworks above.

Essay Othello Versus O

Othello vs. O (The main differences between the play and Movie) Although the movie â€Å"O† is a production based on Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, several differences exist between the two such as women’s social status, Iago’s personality change, and the type of language employed by the characters. Desi plays a strong woman who won't let any man put her down.She stands up to Odin several times during the movie, showing that twentieth century women have higher status in society than they did in Shakespeare's time. In the movie, Desi assertively says, â€Å"If you want to be with me don’t ever talk like that to me again, ever! † Desdemona seems much more compliant to her husband's demands, even when she knows that she is going to die. Rather than run, she goes to her bedchamber and gets ready for bed, perhaps suspecting that it will be her last night alive.At the beginning of the play she declares just how loyal she is to Othello by sayi ng â€Å"to you [father], I am bound for life and education; I am hitherto your daughter: but here's my husband, and so much duty as my mother showed to you, preferring you before her father, so much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my Lord†(Hall,). Desdemona knows her place in society and that is that she should be loyal to her husband or else she has been an unworthy wife. Iago’s character changes drastically in the movie compared to Shakespeare’s play.He would be considered the perfect villain in the play. He never seems to get fazed when he destroys Othello and Desdemona's relationship, when he makes Othello go crazy or when he kills Rodrigo: â€Å" My medicine, work! Thus credulous fools are caught†(Hall, 124). There are two major motives that drive Iago to destroy Othello’s life. The first being his hatred for Othello for not promoting him. His second motive is his desire for importance in society and Othello is a human being th at is blocking his pathway to glory. His character in â€Å"O†, Hugo, is a little bit different. He is trying to†¦

4th year sociology-Impact of Women's Experiences in Non-traditional Essay

4th year sociology-Impact of Women's Experiences in Non-traditional Occupations - Essay Example Mostly women filled jobs of teachers, nurses, doctors, baby sitters and social workers, but these were considered as traditional jobs. Gradually, women entered the non-traditional occupations. This essay will discuss why the Canadian women entered the labour market, which was the non-traditional occupations they ventured into, and the challenges they faced in the predominantly male-dominated occupations. A non-traditional job for women is one where they account for only 33% of the workforce. There has been a dramatic growth in the share of the women who are part of the paid work force. Women traditionally stayed at home but gradually, they realized that they did not even have common justice within the home, which is one of the strongest reasons why women ventured out of home. Women, with children at home contributed eleven hours of free labor every day with nothing to fall back upon. In the 1960s and 1970s, they became conscious of their rights and clamored for economic security. As they rose up to fight for their rights, they realized the discrimination they faced in the labor market. The women’s movement brought about dramatic rise in the women labor force. Women were subject to inequality and hardships. Apart from the expansion of the service sector, rising standards of consumption and decline in real wages, encouraged the employment of married women (Ch6, p 4). They start ed challenging the traditional gender divisions of labor and worked collectively to bring about changes in the education, attitudes, working practices and legislation. Women gradually moved into non-traditional occupations (NTO), those generally occupied by men. The NTO generally include engineering, veterinary practice, financial management, law and construction. This was due to changes in the education level and the changing social attitudes. Once they stepped into the non-traditional occupations, they enjoyed better oppurtunities

Lggerhead Sea Turtles and their migration and why they are protected Research Paper

Lggerhead Sea Turtles and their migration and why they are protected - Research Paper Example The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) has also listed sea turtles species as being one of the most endangered species on the planet. Unfortunately, scientists claim that Loggerhead sea turtles could face extinction in less than five decades. The loggerhead sea turtles are under the threat of extinction in the near future due to the human activities on their habitat that has seen their number decrease exceptionally fast, according to a report. Loggerheads sea turtles are also regarded as the species that migrate frequently over their lifetime particularly during the breeding period (Bowen et al., 1995). This paper will explore the loggerhead sea turtles in light of their features, distribution, and migration behavior, why they need protection and the protection measures already initiated to conserve the species. The loggerheads are arguably the largest hard-shelled turtle on planet, observed Kobayashi et al. (2008). The species were named so because of extra large head comprising of h orny beak, which is thicker than other sea turtle species are. Loggerhead sea turtles have exceptionally turf jaws, which enables them feed comfortably hard-shelled prey such as the conch and whelks. The adult loggerheads have carapace that is heart-shaped, and reddish-brown in color. Adult males differ from the female in the sense that they have long tails that protrude beyond the rare carapace (Kobayashi et al., 2008). Additionally, adult male loggerheads have narrow carapace tapering towards the rear. These species have been listed as being among the over 15,000 animal species facing the threat of extinction. Loggerheads were listed as endangered species in 1978, and since then efforts are being made to ensure that they are accorded the necessary protection to abate the extinction threat. Research shows that loggerhead sea turtles are among the species that make the longest journeys than any other sea turtle species (Witherington, Herren, and Bresette,  2006).   They migrate long distances easily due to their adaptation for such movement. Report indicates that loggerheads usually migrate more than 7,500 miles between their nesting beaches in Japan and Mexico here they feed, notes Witherington, Herren, and Bresette  (2006). Since loggerheads are slow in movement, they have turf shell that protects them from predators in the event of an attack. Distribution Loggerheads are regarded as a circumglobal animal present throughout tropical and temperate regions of Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Researchers have shown that loggerheads are the most abundant sea turtles in the United States’ coastal waters. The loggerhead sea turtles in the Atlantic Ocean range extend from Newfoundland to Argentina. The species nests mainly during summer seasons in the subtropics. In the U.S., the species nesting concentration is found in North Carolina through to the southwest Florida. Research indicates that very few nesting occurs outside this range particularly in Texas and Virginia. Adult loggerheads normally migrate frequently between foraging areas and nesting beaches. However, during non-nesting periods, adult female loggerheads from the U.S. beaches distribute themselves in waters off eastern U.S., the Gulf of Mexico, Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and Yucatan (Kobayashi et al., 2008). Most loggerhead nesting takes place in the western part of Indian and Atlantic Oceans. A study

3. Discuss the trends in terrorism that you envision for the upcoming Essay

3. Discuss the trends in terrorism that you envision for the upcoming decade - Essay Example It is not a recent issue but a common debate today. The use of technology in such acts has exploited all the means of communication (the internet, telephone etc). These organizations plan to kill a larger number of people in a minimum time period. The ratio of natural deaths has decreased as compared to mob killings due to bomb blasts and terrorism. One can define it as â€Å"Terrorism is a term used to describe the method or the theory behind the method whereby an organized group or party seeks to achieve its avowed aims chiefly through the systematic use of violence. Terrorist acts are directly against persons who as individuals, agents or representatives of authority interfere with the communication of objectives of such groups† (Engene, 2004, p. 6) It would not be wrong if one states that terrorism evolved from the 9/11 attacks on the World trade center. Not merely the south East Asian region but the rest of the World as well is highly affected by the terrorist activities. The advancement in the past decade would leave a far more powerful effect of the decade to come. ("Conference on terrorism," 2008) The vast use of technology, fewer incidents and larger killings, use of weapons of destructions all these changing trends n terrorism must be carefully examined by the government as well as other organizations. Close check upon such activities would help in calculating future trends, identify and target the anarchist. These trends in terrorism lead to different government policies to control and reduce terrorism. (Levy, 2007, p. 125) Engene, J. (2004).  Terrorism in western europe: Explaining the trends since 1950. (p. 6). Edward Elgar Publishing. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=8VR765amvzAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=trends in terrorism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mBjIUJXwMOrI0QWt-oHoDg&redir_esc=y Conference on terrorism in south & southeast asia in the coming decade. (2008). In  CONFERENCE ON TERRORISM IN SOUTH & SOUTHEAST ASIA IN THE COMING

Uses of Literary Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Uses of Literary Journalism - Essay Example Mitchell is able to make us feel as if we actually live in this town and see it in the same way as the townspeople. He spends time describing the cemetery which contains much of the history of the town and indicates how they have thought about the world over the years. The folks he meets are people who take time out of their day to talk to their neighbor, consider the weather, and seem to be at peace with themselves. The outside world does not really intrude, because they feel so secure in themselves. This is an excellent example of literary journalism. The author does not make the story about himself, he makes it about the people and places he visits. He gets inside their heads and shows us the world as seen through their eyes. It is not just straight reporting and the five Ws. It is a piece of literary journalism in the way it shows us something a little bit more about our own world that is hard to put in simple words. It tells us to take some time to watch the river flow, like the people of Edgewater, do every day. â€Å"The First Family of Astoria† is about the Flavel family who is the most prominent family in the town. The story traces their history and the various things that have happened to them over the years. Some of these things are good and some of them are bad. The Flavels get a lot of attention from others because they are well-known, perhaps more than a family like theirs would under other circumstances. There are a number of scandals and betrayals. This is borderline literary journalism, in my opinion. It is very fact driven and the style of writing is not especially literary. The general idea behind it is that gossip can be malicious and attach to certain people regardless of what they do. That is not all that original and is kind of obvious. Overall, this does add all that much to the store of human knowledge.

What you have learned about writing, and possibly reading, from this Essay

What you have learned about writing, and possibly reading, from this course( english academic communication - Essay Example Furthermore, English is my second language, and learning such skills was very challenging, but with the knowledge and skills that I was presented with in this course, I now have a deeper understanding of how to write more confidently. There are many different academic referencing styles in English essay writing. APA style format stands for the American Psychological Association. This style focuses on how to make the essay more organized and neat. This was the first element which I learned during the academic communication class. APA style has an easy format steps to follow in essay writing, such as using font size 12, double spaced, and a page header. Moreover, APA style paper should include four principal sections which are: title page, abstract, main body, and references. Secondly, writing an essay requires a long time so that a research can be done like finding information and ideas about the essay topic. I learned from the course how to find resource from books and websites. This helped me to write perfect sentences describing my ideas using examples. During the course I obtained knowledge how to write references and demonstrate which source the ideas I used are borrowed from. Thirdly, as mentioned earlier, English is my second language and it was hard for me to find appropriate vocabulary and write grammatically correct essays. The academic communication course taught me lots of new vocabulary and also improved my grammar skills. I can now apply the learned in this course and I am confident that I can correct my grammatical mistakes faster. I read through the text several times, as my professor had instructed me to. I try to read my essay professionally applying the strategies I learned during the class. In conclusion, I would like to point out that writing essays requires more skills than I previously thought. Students need to understand how to improve their writing abilities before the start of an academic course. I choose APA referencing

Marketing Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing Principles - Essay Example As noted in the report, when intending to launch a new product, market research should be carried out first in order to establish the needs of the people. Marketing messages should be tailored in such a way that the product is presented as better than other similar products offered in the market. The message should also be designed in such a way that it can positively change the behaviour and attitude of people. Table of contents 1.0 Introduction 3 1.1 Task1 3 1.2 How Nike increases customer satisfaction 5 2.1 Task 2 6 2.2 Segmentation criteria used by Nike 7 2.3 Market targeting used by Nike 8 2.4 Consumer behaviour 9 2.5 Perception maps 9 2.6 B2B marketing strategy used by Nike 12 2.7 International marketing 13 3.0 Task 3: Nike introducing new jersey 13 3.1 Marketing mix for the new jersey 14 3.2 Place 14 3.3 Price 14 3.4 Promotion 14 3.5 Extended marketing mi 15 3.6 Conclusion 17 References 19 1.0 Introduction This case study based essay seeks to evaluate and explain the marketing concepts that can be implemented by Nike in order to operate viably. The report is divided into three sections which deal with different marketing concepts and how they can be implemented by Nike group in order for it to achieve merit/distinction criteria in its operations. The first task deals with explaining the meaning of marketing as well as carrying out a SWOT analysis for Nike. The second task is particularly concerned with explaining different marketing concepts such as positioning, targeting as well as micro and macro economic factors and how they are impacting on Nike. The third task is an individual report about designing a marketing plan for a new Nike product as well as outlining the marketing strategy that can be used to present the product to the market. The last part of the report gives recommendations that can be adopted by Nike in order to operate effectively so that it can gain a large market share. 1.1 Task I Nike Inc. uses various elements of the marketing proce ss to develop and promote their product as well as to market them so that they can satisfy the needs and wants of the customers. In order to understand how these marketing elements are utilised by Nike, it is imperative to begin by explaining the meaning of the term marketing. a. Strydom (2004, p. 2) define marketing as â€Å"a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others.† On the other hand, the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) define marketing as â€Å"the management process that responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably.† From these two definitions, it can be seen that marketing is a managerial function that is concerned with satisfying the needs of the customers as well as the organization profitably. According to Reuters (2013), NIKE, Inc. â€Å"is engaged in the design, development and worldwide mark eting and selling of footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories and services.† No doubt Nike embraces the basic tenets of marketing in its operations in a bid to satisfy the needs of the customers profitably. The company harnesses the strategy of brand equity to gain a competitive advantage given that its products are valued and treated with great esteem by the customers since they are different from other similar products in

Professional development plan for a teacher Assignment

Professional development plan for a teacher - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that teaching is a complex profession that needs teachers to incorporate both the technological innovation and the art of their art in order to impact studies. However, the people involved in the profession like teachers at times fail to see the complexity hence implemented; the arts have little or no effect. Therefore, technological innovation of teaching demands to know studying theory and how the brain functions. The art of teaching needs teachers to synthesize content, procedure, products, and environmental resources to create engaging studying actions that enhance the success of diverse students. Moreover, teachers must perfect the art and technological innovation of teaching in a world that is recognized by rapid change increased social variety and significant progression and application of information. Such a world needs educational institutions to enhance what is certified, how it is certified, the stage to which students know what is certified, and the components required to coming back up studying among employees and students. According to Sousa & Tomlinson, the Professional Growth and Performance Plan explain a procedure that awards differences among teachers, encourages beneficial change, and provides concrete support for enhancing studying and teaching. Teachers and administrators perform together to evaluation performance on requirements, talk about ways to enhance studying and teaching, and identify professional growth goals... Purpose five and the actions particular that support this goal has been designed for those educators who’s Expert Growth Activities/Plans involves helping other teachers develop professionally (Sousa & Tomlinson, 2011). Some of the places my goals will concentrate on include: 1. Mindset, learning environment and differentiation 2. Curriculum and differentiation 3. Assessment and differentiation 4. Student readiness and differentiation 5. Student interest and differentiation 6. Student learning profile and differentiation 7. Managing a differentiated classroom The general activities I will engage in to realize my goals and develop professionally include: 1. I will enhance my teaching abilities to be able to better support special needs students by staying current with new educational methods through professional development in-services, classes and alternatives. 2. I will support and help teacher entry season teachers to help them become effective unique information teachers by guidance and referring to my information, teaching methods and components used dealing with special needs students. 3. I will obtain the information required to gather information, create components and put into place personalized studying /behavior programs that are appropriate for personal autistic children by dealing with the school system autism specialist and by getting element autism classes. 4. I will enhance my abilities in teaching students so they can enhance higher student studying by getting my Experts Degree in Curriculum Development. 5. I will obtain several methods to enhance and indicate upon my group place teaching to be able to become a

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Essay The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet was pre-ordained by fate there was nothing that any of the characters could do to prevent their deaths. Fate is a thing that nobody can run hide or escape from it is just going to happen. The author refers to things like star crossd lovers. This shows the reader that they were made to fall in love and death markd love which suggests that they were made to die if they fell in love, which is also a warning of what might happen. However, there are also references to ancient grudge and to parents rage which suggests that it is not only fate that has a part in their deaths but also human intervention. Actually the part played by some of the characters directly resulted in the deaths of the two principal characters. Romeos friend, Benvolio, has a great deal to answer for. He knew perfectly well that it was wrong to gate crash Lord Capulets party. He must have known that the discovery of his friends presence there would cause serious disquiet, especially to Tybalt. Nevertheless, he encouraged Romeo to go because he had become morbid after his break up with Rosaline and therefore needed cheering up by meeting other girls and as such compare his ladys love against some other maid That I will show you shining at this feast, (Act 1, Scene 2, lines 97 and 98). We know that the party was a masquerade, but the probability that Romeo would be discovered was high. Inevitably this was the case, and, of course, it was Romeos number one foe, Tybalt, who made the discovery. No one can criticise Tybalts reaction on finding out that Romeo had had the audacity to enter the home of his familys enemy, the Capulets. This by his voice should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier boy. (Act 1, Scene 5, lines 53 and 54) would be a natural reaction of most men on finding an enemy in their camp. Right at the beginning of this tragedy the feud between the two families is immediately brought to our attention. The opening scene involves servants of the two houses making antagonistic noises to each other, enticing one another to fight. We find Benvolio intervening when he says: Part, falls! Put up your swords -you know not what to do. (Act 1, scene 1 lines 56 and 57. ) No reason is given of how the feud started but we know that it has been going on for some time and has affected the lives of the citizens of Verona. Not only is Benvolio fed up with the continual feuding but also the ruler of Verona. We know this because the Prince of Verona decided that he and the city has had enough and vows to put an end to it. In a protracted speech he lays down the law and says in very plain language: If you ever disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of peace. (Act 1, Scene 1, lines 88 and 89. ) Therefore, he declares publicly that all future fights will be severely dealt with and offenders will pay with their lives. Tybalt was a man whose soul purpose on life was to defend his familys honour. The only way to do this was by fighting. His language was naturally that of a hard man. Right at the beginning we see this side of Tybalt when he confronts Benvolio with the words, What, drawn, and talk peace! I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee: Have at thee coward! (Act 1, Scene 1, lines 62, 63 and 64. ) No wonder Tybalt was angry at Romeo for insulting his family honour by his uninvited presence at the party. Of course he wanted to evict Romeo from the party immediately. If he had just been allowed to do so maybe this tragedy could have been avoided, but he wasnt, thanks to the intervention of his uncle. Therefore, Lord Capulet could be held responsible for his own daughters death. He was totally out of order when he took his nephew to one side and gave him a good dressing down. He shall be endured. What, goodman boy, I say he shall, go to! Am I the master here, or you? Go to! (Act 1, Scene 5, lines 75, 76 and 77). Go to, go to, You are a saucy boy. Ist so indeed? This trick may chance the scathe you, I know what. You must contrary me! Marry, tis time. Well said my hearts! -You are a princox, go (Act 1, Scene 5, lines 82, 83, 84, 85 and 86). These words were designed to hurt. To be called an insolent boy by his uncle must have been very upsetting and hard to swallow. It must have made Tybalt so angry and humiliated that a duel to the death between him and Romeo was inevitable. In the initial stages of the romance, Juliets nurse was fully aware of what was going on and made no effort to stop it. In fact she acted as an eager go-between and after being satisfied with Romeos good intentions towards her mistress appears to be encouraging the romance. During a conversation between her and Romeo he asks the nurse to convey his greetings to his beloved and she replies Ay, a thousand times. (Act 2, Scene 4, line 186). It was her solemn duty to her employer to protect his daughter from uninvited suitors. Girls from rich high-born families were seen as assets, as a means of trading up in the social hierarchy. This is evident from the conversation between Juliets father and Paris prior to Lord Capulets party. Paris discloses his intentions towards Juliet and Lord Capulet, although mindful of his daughters age, agrees to the marriage: But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart, My will to her consent is but a part; And she agreed, within her scope of choice (Act 1, Scene 2, lines 16, 17, 18 and 19). If the nurse had done her job properly and reported to her employer as to what was going on then steps could have been taken to shield Juliet from Romeos advances. Probably, the one who contributed the most to the downfall of Romeo and Juliet must be Friar Lawrence. Although he meant well in that he thought that a marriage would end the feuding his actions were totally unprofessional and not that of a man of the church. His concern was that Romeo and Juliet should not commit a mortal sin by having sex outside marriage was the main reason for him performing the ceremony. His closing remarks after meeting Romeo and Juliet was: Come, come with me, and we will make short work, For, by your leaves, you shall not stay alone Till holy church incorporate two in one. (Act 2, Scene 6, lines 34 to 37). He knew that Juliet was deceiving her parents and he should have condemned her behaviour as he also knew just how old she was. Even her own father thought she was too young to marry as was disclosed in his dialogue with Paris where he says: She hath not seen the change of fourteen years, Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her to be a ripe bride. (Act 1, Scene 2, lines 8 to 11). As for his ridiculous scheme, including the faking of Juliets death, this defies all comprehension. Even if successful he must have known that she could never return home and he has, in fact, banished her for life from both her family and community. There is no doubt in my mind that the most significant player to the downfall of the two principal characters was Juliet herself. Throughout the play she was deceitful and constantly lied to her parents. Her mother was concerned about her daughters welfare and thought that her tearful moods were as a consequence of her cousins death: Evermore weeping for your cousins death? (Act 3, Scene 5, line 69). Juliet went out of her way to encourage her mothers interpretation of her emotional state by replying, Yet let me weep for such a feeling loss. (Act 3, Scene 5, line 74). She was pretending to her mother that her hurt was for Tybalt and not for the murderer, Romeo, with the following lines: And yet no man like he doth grieve my heart. (Act 3, Scene 5, line 83), and Ay, madam, from the reach of these my hands. Would none but I might revenge my cousins death. (Act 3, Scene 5, lines 85 and 86). She even goes on to denounce Romeo completely when she states to her mother: Is my heart, so for a kinsman vexed. Madam, if you could find out but a man To bear a poison, I would temper it, That Romeo should upon receipt thereof Soon sleep in quiet. (Act 3, Scene 5, lines 95-99). As I said in my opening paragraph the story of Romeo and Juliet was a tragedy in the making. It was doomed from the start because these two young people broke all the conventions of that era. Juliet most certainly did not have her parents consent and it must be inferred that neither did Romeo. It would be highly unlikely that the two families, who had been feuding for a considerable time, would have wanted any of their offspring marring. Nevertheless, it was an affair that could have been so easily stopped by those who were privy to what was going on. Not one of these characters, who were by the way all adults, took on the responsibility of bringing a sense of proportion and integrity to what can only be described in todays society as a sordid affair. A similar story in contemporary times would receive the attention of the police. The one thing that I find incomprehensible is the interaction between Juliets father, Lord Capulet, and his nephew Tybalt at the party. Why he humiliated Tybalt in such a manner is, for me, totally out of character with the essence of the play. Knowing the background of the play I would have thought that the logical response of Lord Capulet on finding out that a Montague had gate crashed his party would have been to have him thrown out. The tragedy of his actions was the death of his beloved daughter. If he had allowed Tybalt to perform his duty, Juliet would have probably married Paris.

Arguments in Favour of Single-Sex Schools

Arguments in Favour of Single-Sex Schools The topic on single sex schools has drawn wide and different opinions in the public domain for a long time. Individuals, groups, institutions and authorities have so far presented different thoughts regarding the topic. By definition, the phrase, â€Å"single sex school† means a form of a school where by boys and girls attend different schools. To be precise, single schools implies, girls attending a school that is specifically for girls while boys attending a schools that is specifically for boys. Thus, single school unlike the conventional or rather traditional schools (mixed schools) is an ideology that even though has been in existed for a long time, some people in the community feels it is a good idea that need to be embraced. Meanwhile, there are some people too who feel that girls and boys should learn together in the same school as it will help them develop together as one. Regardless of the many thoughts that have been presented opposing the view, single sex schools w hen implemented, they are good for education. One of the reasons why single sex schools are good for education is that; they create a feeling of safety, encourages students to embrace their lifestyle as well as discouraging any form of distraction in the course of pursuing their dreams through education. There are a number of students whose education has been affected due lack of concentration in class. This is because some students find it so hard to focus when they are in a conventional class. This is a problem that is very common with boys as opposed to girls. Boys tend to lose focus in a class of mixed gender because they will be trying to act different in order to attract their female class mates. Worse still, it is really hard for boys to focus on learning while there are a stream of cute ladies to admire in the same class. Nevertheless, it is important to note also that, this problem does not affect all boys but then the percentage of boys who get distracted from learning because of beautiful girls in class is higher as o pposed to the percentage that does not get affected (The Many Advantages of Single-Sex Schools, n.p). Meanwhile, there are a number of girls who get affected too when in a conventional school. This arises on matters concerning safety. Psychologically, young girls fear being touched physically. This creates fear among them and as such they are not in a position of undertaking their studies in a normal way. On the other hand, female students will feel free and safe if they are enrolled in a female school where by they are encountering fellow girls. This creates confidence and thus s boosts their academic performance, a clear indication that same sex schools are good for education. On top of that, it is also factual that both boys and girls develop different in the process of growing up. This is evident given the fact that, girls develop faster as compared to boys. Moreover, the thinking capacity of ladies grows exponential faster as opposed to that of boys. This indicates that the nee ds of girls are to some extent different from that of boys. Thus, there is need to encourage single sex schools that will help girls and boys understand the needs of their bodies’ well which eventually can be translated to good performance (Single-Gender Classes, n.p). According to Gilbert (par. 5 and 6), the education system has been stormed by females as opposed to males. Gilbert presents his finding that, the number of female administrators in most schools is higher as compared to males in many schools. He also states that, the number of female teachers in mixed schools is higher than those of male teachers. Gilbert also observes that, female students have the ability to observe their emotions well as opposed to students. On top of that girls are also known to be better readers as opposed to boys. Worse still, the current education system tend to emphasize more on cooperation. This leaves boys stranded in their studies, because they prefer more physical actions and competition. In fact, Gilbert asserts that, this type of system favors girls who excel while the performance of boys keep on deteriorating. In his conclusion, Gilbert thus argues that, mixed schools only favors girls as opposed to boys. In his justification, he asserts that, co-ed sch ools affects boys in that they lose attention in learning, as well as ending up suffering from developmental disorders. Thus, Gilbert suggests that, the best way to promote equality in education for both boys and girls is to adopt singe sex schools given that co-ed schools tend to favor girls as opposed to boys. Another view as to why single sex schools are good for education as opposed to co-ed schools is from the point of teachers. Given that the behavior and needs of both boys and girls are different, teachers’ performance is also affected in the process of delivery in class. This sis because, there is no uniformity in terms of approaching different issues in the same class. As such, a teacher must treat a boy different as well as a girl in a unique way too. This affects teachers’ precision. However, embracing singe sex schools, teachers will be able to link their instructions methodology to the behavior of their students and thus good for education (The Many Advantages of Single-Sex Schools, n.p). Meanwhile, an environment plays a great role in student performance. A favorable learning environment contributes to high performance of students as opposed to an unfavorable environment. A relaxed environment is good for a learning set up as opposed to a chaotic environment. This works for both boys and girls. However, one thing that need to be clear is that in co-ed schools, boys and girls try as much as possible to impress one another. In so doing they feel fixed in that they are supposed to act in a manner that attracts one another. In the process, a girl or a boy may fear asking a question because she/he may think it will not impress their opposite sex counterparts. This affects the students in expressing themselves openly and if continues for a long time, it becomes a habit that cannot and will never be erased. Actually it becomes part of their life and accompanies them in the rest of their live. In comparison to single sex schools, students have nobody to impress and as such, they fear less in asking questions, that is an important element in learning. Moreover, the ability to engage with others without feeling intimidated by the gender of the opposite sex spark debates and conversation that enhances education in a positive manner (Kennedy, n.p). Indeed, education is one important gift to both boys and girls. It is through education that boys and girls can be able to achieve their various dreams in life. Thus, there is need to adapt a model that works for both of them. Over time, there has been a debate as to whether single sex schools improve student performance. This debate has drawn a lot of views from the students themselves, parents/guardians, teachers, human support groups as well as the legal authority. Even though there are opposing views concerning the encouragement of single sex schools on the premise that; they tend to separate girls and boys making them fear one another and thus leading to isolation as well as contributing to high level of divorce in the long run, single sex schools are good for education for various reason. One of them is that they encourage a feeling of safety, promotes a feeling of safety as well as avoiding any form of distractions. Another reason is the fact that boys and girls develop differ ently as well the undeniable truth that schools are stormed by females as opposed to males, which makes boys uncomfortable. On top of that, teachers are also more productive in single sex schools as opposed to co-ed schools due to uniformity. Moreover, single sex schools enables students to engage in debates and conversation without any form of gender based intimidation. Works Cited Gilbert, Michael. Single-sex Schools Help Children Thrive. The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor. Web. 4 May 2015. Kennedy, Robert. What Are the Advantages of Single Sex Education? Web. 4 May 2015. Single-Gender Classes: Are They Better? Education World:. Web. 4 May 2015. The Many Advantages of Single-Sex Schools. CRC Health Group. Web. 4 May 2015.

scuss the variety of dramatic effects achieved in the three speeches :: English Literature

Discuss the variety of dramatic effects achieved in the three speeches of your choice, and consider what they reveal about the characters of each speaker In his plays, Pinter uses long speeches quite frequently, aiming to achieve numerous forms of emotional effects. In The Caretaker, a play about down-and-outs in a flat in West London, the characters often speak at length, relating their opinions, thoughts and random events from their pasts. The three individuals in this play are very different in their styles of discourse. Despite the fact that they are all in a motivational rut, they all have different approaches to their ambitions. Davies, the itinerant tramp, is the hate icon. He represents all the deficiencies of human nature, in that he is conniving, backstabbing, scheming and, where he can get away with it, obnoxious. Although he is only accommodated because of Aston’s generosity, he quickly tries to assume as much power in the flat as possible. He makes several monologues, each revealing some new unpleasant trait about his character. The audience are increasingly appalled by the complete lack of scruples he displays. On page 95, he demonstrates a capacity for abuse that very exaggerated. He is alone in the room with Mick, and perversely angry about what he sees as a lack of generosity in Aston. â€Å"He don’t give me no knife!† he whines, selfishly, as though any host is obliged to provide their guests with a bread-knife. Later on in the play, he rants at Aston for failing to â€Å"slip me a few bob,† despite the fact that Aston gives him five shillings. At the start, he displays such a degree of ignorance and paranoia that the audience have to laugh at just what an absurd character he is. â€Å"What about this gas stove? He tells me it’s not connected. How do I know it’s not connected? Here I am, I’m sleeping right with it, I wake up in the middle of the night, I’m looking right into the oven, man!...I could be lying there in bed, it might blow up, it might do me harm!† Despite his boastful fabrication of a former life of luxury and comfort – â€Å"I’m no stranger to beds† – he is ridiculously afraid of a disconnected gas stove. The fact that he ignores Aston’s reassurances indicates that he is also very stubborn. He then launches into one of his typical, vague invectives. â€Å"I told him about them Blacks using the lavatory. I told him, it was all dirty in there, all the banisters were dirty, they were all black, all the lavatory was black.† For all his racist bravado, and hateful,

Martin Luther King And Malcolm X Essay -- fight against segregation

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X had a common purpose for African Americans; justice and equality. Illustrated through their speeches, Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† and Malcolm X’s â€Å"Talk to Young African Americans†, the two did not share techniques or ideas. Yet both men had the support of millions and millions of people. One of the worlds best known advocates of non-violent social change strategies was Martin Luther King Jr. He synthesized ideals drawn from many different cultural traditions. The image of a social activist and leader was the result of extensive formal education, strong personal values and licit ethics. This excellence in leadership can be traced to his character, which is shaped by his moral values and personality. King believed in equality and peace for all races. â€Å"Black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholic, will be able to join hands† (King, 1963). King did not just focus on African American struggles, but for all races and creeds. King’s strategy was one of peace and embracing the oppressor. â€Å"The sons of slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down at the table of brotherhood† (King 1963). He encourages his followers to remember that all people are God’s children and that hopefully one day all A mericans from all backgrounds can join together to sing "My country ‘tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing†¦" Malcolm taught a message of self-help and personal responsibility. ...

The worn path

Where was the old woman traveling to and why? She's traveling the worn path to go and get her grandson some medicine. She's been doing this for 3 years since he swallowed lye and burnt his throat. 2. What were some of the obstacles encountered by the old woman? She struggles intense fatigue and poor eyesight, as well as such obstacles as thorn bushes and barbed wire.She runs into a white hunter who drops a nickel and she picks it up and he points his gun t her but since she appeared not afraid he lowered it. 3. Why did the hunter point his gun at Phoenix? Was she in danger? Because she picked up the nickel he dropped but it's still really unclear of his motive as to why he pointed his gun at her. She's in danger because she's an elderly woman a who has bad eyesight and has a gun pointed at her. 4.Phoenix says that she is an old woman without education, does she meme to have any knowledge that the other characters lack? Although she did not go to school and isn't book smart at all, I do believe she knows a lot about life and hard it can become sometimes. She seems to be like an old person you know very wise, has a lot of wisdom. 5. What happens to Phoenix when she gets home? Well then story doesn't tell you what happens when she gets home. But I assume she started her long walk back to her grandson and gave him his medicine.

History of Jazz from 1970-1990 Essay

American jazz has been studied from many perspectives. The musical form itself, its origins and evolution, and the artistes who perform it have become subjects for a large body of scholarly and critical literature. Jazz is one of the oldest types of music, with origin since the 1400s. This essay focuses on jazz from 1970-1990, and on other aspects within the same period. Section I Since 1970, jazz music took a new direction from the previous one, which was characterized by wide experiments using new electric instruments. Major styles that were introduced include jazz fusion, pop fusion and jazz rock. Jazz fusion, can be defined as an art form that can be called jazz as it does not compromise the qualities of melodic, harmonic, rhythmic and formal considerations of the early masters, but seeks to develop them on new directions. (Jazz history timeline) On the other hand, pop fusion, can be defined as a simple dance style, with fewer improvised solos, in form of simple songs, a streamlined version of jazz fusion, which offers much less variety in rhythmic and harmonic structures. Don Ellis was one of the greatest performers of the time. He innovated bands and played the trumpet as well as other electric instruments successfully. Since he was constantly experimenting with different electric instruments, he was able to produce many albums; all completely different from one another. Don’s contribution to music was large. In the late 1960s, he studied Indian rhythms, creating the Hindu Orchestra, comprising of three string bases and three drummers. His band was composed of eight brasses, five woodwinds, and six rhythms were amongst the most successful bands of the period. He was an imaginative jazz lover, and his use of many instruments and electric devices are a testimony that he was a genius. (Jazz history timeline) Maynard Ferguson also played jazz-rock from1970 to 1990. He maintained this style until 1990, when he changed to the bop style. His contributions to famous soundtrack themes are legendary, an example being the main title theme from the T. V series â€Å"Star Trek. † At about the same time, Miles Davis started experimenting with electric instruments; he also played at the CBS studios. Robert Moog invented Moog synthesizer, causing a great sensation in New York. The Moog synthesizer was used in reproduction of music by the great Baroque masters before it was discovered by the jazz movement. One of the reasons why the music changed in the 1970s was because the free jazz movement of the 1960s had encouraged a more daring approach to instrumental innovations. This saw the innovations and experimentations with electric musical instruments in the early 1907s. This period also saw a diversity of opinions created within the jazz ranks, concerning the instruments. (Jazz resources) Electrified instruments offered fuzz phasers for guitars and basses, electric pianos and clavinets, as well as ring modulators and echoplexes for wind instruments. However, jazz musicians that were used to the acoustic instruments rejected these new electrical instruments, assuming that their electric effects were an interference with the natural talents that were inherent with acoustic musicians and instruments. Many musicians were lured to cross over and to compete with the jazz-rock performers, who were successful in producing and selling their music to a large number. In the 1980s, the emergence of modern key board technology produced a fragmented style, which had a great appeal on the masses. In many ways, it resembled the swing era in terms of popularity, and shared some of the characteristics. (Timeline of trends in music) Pop-fusion style became popular; it was a simple dance style, with fewer improvised solos, but in simple song form. It was a streamlined version of jazz fusion, as it offered much less variety in rhythmic and harmonic structures. Melodies were simple, and emphasized on repetitive vamps, highly dependent on the effects of the studio. It doesn’t maintain the musical intensity of the early jazz-fusion masters, such as Miles Davis and Chick Corea. However, credible jazz musicians who have continued to cross over and back again, to and from the mainstream tradition continue to play it. Studio technology, which includes overdubbing use of the Musical Instrument Digital Process with synthesizers and programmed samples from drum machines, characterize pop-fusion as in jazz-fusion. Pop-fusion was a synthesized style that is highly simplified musically with expended vamps and limited emphasis on improvisation. Vamps were used with little variation compared to fusion of the 1970s; however, Latin rhythms are a major influence. (Jazz history timeline) There is a major difference between pop-fusion and true jazz-fusion. This can be illustrated by the fact that most musicians who are hired on an individual basis report to the gig. Many times, they meet other musicians with whom they will play with for the first time. Trained jazz musicians know the basis jazz literature repertoire which comes from fake books. With knowledge of tunes, and basic chord interpretations they can play just about anything, and to the average listener, the band will sound like a group that has been together for a long time. However, a standard means of operation for musicians is to often create tunes on the spot through standard progressions, like the blues form, vamps or riffs. Many pop-fusion groups depend on their equipment for musical effects rather than on their own creativity, and thus often sound like simple jam sessions with a repetitive vamp, a standard bridge, and little variation. The harmonic progressions remain basically simple, with statistic melodies. There has not been much room for creativity within the infrastructure of the tune, nor does there appear to be ample opportunity for improvisation. The improvisations, like the vamps, are standard fare with clinched links and bass lines. Jazz fusion, on the other hand, usually presents a much higher standard, with extremely gifted sidemen. In this kind of music there is nowhere to hide. Much planning and rehearsal are usually obvious, because of the musical dimensions of the material. The compositions are generally much more involved, with intricate harmonic schemes, subtle rhythmic changes, and fresh melodies that demand an original and creative approach to improvisation. Section II  In the period between 1970 and 1980, there were changes in the industrial structure, labor power, and indicators of inequality were evident. The counties where the bargaining power of workers vis-a-vis their employers, was greater and counties with more favorable geographic locations in the national political economy did have better social economic conditions. Of the industrial sectors in America, the manufacturing sector experienced the relatively largest growth with the percentage of the employed labor force in this sector, expanding from 14% in 1970 to 16% in 1980. These employees provided sufficient labor to the industries, enabling the sector to improve and produce more goods, not only for sale in the American market, but also in the other markets. Most of the labor came from the poor families. It comprised of freed slaves, Hispanic immigrants, and the low class Americans. Peripheral employment decreased slightly, mainly due to declines in extractive, textiles, and apparel employment. In the late 1970s, there was an improvement in economic inequality, and hence poverty declined from 17% in 1970 to about 13% in 1980. At the same time, there was inequality between the whites, and the blacks. Several Acts had been passed in the 1970s to bring slave trade to an end. The war against slavery was almost over in 1980; blacks were not being discriminated as they were before. In the same period, cities like New York have already started developing. It attracted big crowds in jazz concerts. Hollywood was also catching up, due to the fact that most movie stars resided there and that most movie producers shot their movies in such cities. Kolchin) Although it is not always true, it does not seem reasonable to suppose that governing is easier when a country’s economy is growing in real terms, and its status and power abroad are in ascendant. Both applied in the case of the United States 1942 and 1965. Between 1965 and the 1980s, American International economic and foreign policy influence experienced relative decline. Since the early 1980s, this trend has continued, although there was something of a res pite in the late 1890s. There is no question that the management of the economy and the exercise of military and diplomatic power abroad were more likely to be difficult during periods of relative decline or when there is little consensus on management of the economy or on America’s role abroad. The Vietnam War was the first major demonstration of the limits to American military power, and it effectively broke President Lyndon Johnson, and led another, President Richard Nixon to commit a series of illegal acts, including the secret bombing of Cambodia and the unauthorized surveillance of opponents of the war. At the end of the period (1970-1990), the United States had improved communication and spread of government responsibilities, making the whole society much more centralized. Information started being disseminated by the four major television networks (NBS, CBS, ABC, and Fox), by the news services, and by the syndicated columns of major newspapers and cable TV networks. The introduction of network usage was another step that facilitated nationalization trends. Economically, the society became more centralized, with giant corporations providing the same goods and services uniformly throughout the country. The activities of the government were centralized, and Washington increasingly became the focus of political activity. The state and the local government became more interdependent with the federal government in the same period. This also applied to corporations, small businesses and almost all those interests in society affected by federal government spending, regulation and arbitration. Among the Mexican Americans, Mexican folk customs and practices existed both inside and outside of the immigrant families. Traditional folk songs and music from their homeland served as popular forms of entertainment. Family celebrations usually included some form of musical entertainment. Some families afforded to hire a small group of musicians, who played a variety of musical styles, including jazz. Religion played a key role in the life of the Mexican Americans. A majority of the Mexican immigrants were Catholics, but blended specific cultural practices with the traditional catholic beliefs and rituals. At the level of every citizen, the church exerted a tremendous force by shaping every aspect of society from birth to death. Their deep relationships with each other and their deep faith in Catholicism was a way to comfort themselves due to the sufferings most of them faced with the authorities. Family gatherings in the backyard, Neighborhood Park, or at some other location for a celebration usually included story telling. As another immigrant communities, the oral tradition provided immigrants with a connection to their homelands. Their oral literature included Mexican tales called â€Å"cuentos†, legends, and children’s stories. Ghost stories were also popular and included a moral lesson at the end. Escamilla and Kathy) The more time the Mexican Americans spent in the United States, the more they began to make some degree of transition to speak English. For most Mexicans, those who came during the first major wave of immigration, and those who arrived recently, the acquisition of English often originated with the development of code-switching, a process through which a person uses their primary language, in this case, Spanish, with a sprinkling of English words. Mexican immigrants often changed certain English words to â€Å"sound like† a Spanish language version. English words like â€Å"market† and â€Å"sweater† were changed to â€Å"marqueta† and â€Å"suera† respectively. However, the Mexican immigrants from middle or upper class are less likely to use words such as these. In addition, to using an intermingling of Spanish and English and hybrid English-Spanish words, another common practice among Mexican Americans is involves the usage of grammatically incorrect Spanish. Mexican Americans show clear signs of linguistic and cultural assimilation over generations, tough it is gradual. (Mexican American history) Section III In 1970s, there was a major shift in the American societal and cultural values. Despite the great evolutions that were happening to the music, the concert band connection to American history diminished significantly outside of educational settings. Fewer television and broadcasts of concert bands were aired to the point where television broadcasts ceased altogether. Popular stars of the American popular culture had either started dying or losing their popularity, and being replaced by folk artistes, R&B singers, and rock bands. As a musician, my professional life would revolve around efforts to compose songs that would be competitive enough to attract enormous crowds. Making collaborations with famous musicians would also be a good way to market myself. I could also ask good song writers to write good songs, with the aim of attracting huge crowds and making more fans. Since some of the most famous musicians had stopped singing due to old age, the 1970s would have been a great time to make an impression to the jazz lovers. Marketing would also be an important aspect, although the radio and television stations were not be relied upon satisfactorily in the early 70s. However, in the late 1970, an appearance of rock artistes dominated television, radio, record sales, and therefore the American consciousness. American musicians were faced with a new reality. Marketing strategies that promoted these new stars changed too. As people moved from the cities to the suburbs, urban culture, including fine arts events, their venues, and audiences were siphoned away to the suburbs for convenience sake. As a musician, keeping up with the changes in the music industry would have been an important thing to do. I would come up with new and innovative ways to market my self, just as the other musicians. Since most people were moving to the rural areas, holding concerts at places where fans could assemble would be a great way to get attention from the crowds. As this period was characterized with revolutionalising music, it would also have been important to change or to evolve my music, to match the likes of the people at the time. (The history of jazz music) Section IV Through studying the history of jazz, I have learnt that every music genre undergoes evolution.  I’ve learnt that the social history of jazz involves two interrelated, yet analytically separable phenomena. One is the external dynamic, in which the development of jazz has been shaped and even contained by the larger world of entertainment. The tendency toward discrimination in studio hiring practices is an example of containment. In this sense, jazz is music shaped and molded by the mass media, in particular the worlds of radio broadcasting and phonograph record studio. Nowadays, Most Americans first hear something called jazz on a record or over the radio. While it is true that what they hear is probably not ‘pure’ jazz, it is a modified version of the real thing. (History of Jazz) Since the production of records and radio broadcasting is motivated by the desire for profit, the most widely disseminated jazz is closer to ‘easy listening’ and to rock than to modern chamber music. I have also learnt of some of the factors affecting or constraining the development of jazz music, and the musicians who play it, some of them are large scale, global, while others are small scale. Jazz musicians, like everyone else, have to make a living. While they are doing that, they are expected to extend and re-create the form itself. But there is the risk involved in attempting to create art in a popular context, the risk of losing one’s audience if the music goes beyond what the audience understands. This sets up a tension between the acts of performance and act of recreation. This tension is more evident in jazz, because it is the kind of music where creation or composition usually occurs during performance. I love listening to rock music, and through this course, I have learnt that it has gone through several transitions. Some of the styles that were used in the early seventies are being used today. The course has enabled me to notice the similarities in the dancing styles, similar ways of composing and the dressing mode of rockstars of today and those of the past. Nowadays, some rock stars prefer using black and white pictures on their music videos, just as it was in the past, although that was due to the absence of color TVs. Generally, I would say that studying jazz has been an eye-opener; that even when listening to music, I should be keen to notice small details, such as its evolution.

Ss2 Assesment

Spreadsheet Software Level 2 (Credit value 4) Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Please note that this assessment document has 9 pages and is made up of 6 Parts. Name: Alvaro Estrada Achieving your qualification In order to achieve your Level 2 ITQ Certificate in IT User Skills qualification, you will need to demonstrate to your tutor that you can meet all of the learning outcomes for this Unit. By completing this Assessment, you will cover the following learning outcomes: The learner will†¦ 1. Use a spreadsheet to enter, edit and organise numerical and other data 2. Select and use appropriate formulas and data analysis tools to meet requirements 3.Select and use tools and techniques to present and format spreadsheet information You will also satisfy the following assessment criteria: The learner can†¦ 1. 1 Identify what numerical and other information is needed in the spreadsheet and how it should be structured 1. 2 Enter and edit numerical and other data accurately 1. 3 Combine and link data across worksheets 1. 4 Store and retrieve spreadsheet files effectively, in line with local guidelines and conventions where available 2. 1 Identify which tools and techniques to use to analyse and manipulate data to meet requirements 2. Select and use a range of appropriate functions and formulas to meet calculation requirements 2. 3 Use a range of tools and techniques to analyse and manipulate data to meet requirements 3. 1 Plan how to present and fo rmat spreadsheet information effectively to meet needs 3. 2 Select and use appropriate tools and techniques to format spreadsheet cells, rows, columns and worksheets 3. 3 Select and format an appropriate chart or graph type to display selected information 3. 4 Select and use appropriate page layout to present and print spreadsheet information 3. Check information meets needs, using spreadsheet tools and making corrections as necessary 3. 6 Describe how to find errors in spreadsheet formulas 3. 7 Respond appropriately to any problems with spreadsheets The references in brackets below show you where these criteria are covered. Assessment Scenario You work in a newsagents’ shop. Your boss has asked you to analyse the sales of chocolate bars using a spreadsheet. Part A (B1. 1, B1. 2, B2. 1, B2. 3, B1. 4) 1. Open Excel to create a spreadsheet about chocolate bar sales. The spreadsheet should contain the following data: Price of the chocolate bars †¢ Shelf location in the shop †¢ Sales of each chocolate bar for January †¢ Sales of each chocolate bar for February Use the information below to create the spreadsheet. Chocolate bar data Chocolate bar prices: Mars: 0. 58, Dairy Milk: 0. 65, Double Decker: 0. 66, Twix: 0. 53, Caramel: 0. 55, Snickers: 0. 57, Boost: 0. 71, Bounty: 0. 35, Aero: 0. 68, Wispa: 0. 65, Milky bar: 0. 40, Yorkie; 0. 70, Galaxy: 0. 67, Lion bar: 0. 65, Rolo: 0. 63. Shelf location in the shop Shelf one: Snickers, Mars, Galaxy, Yorkie Shelf two: Dairy Milk, Caramel, Boost, Rolo, BountyShelf three: Twix, Milky bar, Aero, Double Decker, Lion Bar, Wispa January chocolate bar sales volume: |Mars |54 | |Dairy Milk |36 | |Double Decker |30 | |Twix |24 | |Caramel |48 | |Snickers |108 | |Boost |22 | |Bounty |51 | |Aero |32 | |Wispa |37 | Milky bar |29 | |Yorkie |55 | |Galaxy |60 | |Lion bar |37 | |Rolo |43 | February chocolate bar sales volume: |Mars |60 | |Dairy Milk |42 | |Double Decker |45 | |Twix |36 | |Caramel |57 | |Snickers |114 | Boost |35 | |Bounty |50 | |Aero |35 | |Wispa |48 | |Milky bar |62 | |Yorkie |70 | |Galaxy |55 | |Lion bar |40 | |Rolo |46 | 2. Format the price column of the spreadsheet so that it displays as currency. 3. Create a new column called Total sales.Calculate the total number of sales for January and February for each chocolate bar and populate the Total sales column. 4. Sort the spreadsheet by Shelf location so that all of the Shelf 1 chocolate bars appear at the top of the spreadsheet, then the Shelf 2 bars, then the Shelf 3 bars. Save the spreadsheet with the name: SS2_chocolate_complete Part B (B1. 1, B1. 2, B1. 4) 1. Reopen SS2_chocolate_complete (the spreadsheet you created in Part A of this assessment), and create a column chart to compare the prices of the chocolate bars. Save the chart as a new worksheet in your workbook.Give this new worksheet the name: Chart1 2. Create a line graph to compare the sales of all chocolate bars in January and February. Save the graph as a new w orksheet in your workbook. Give this new worksheet the name: Chart2 Remember to save your work within the file: SS2_chocolate_complete Part C (B1. 4, B2. 1, B2. 3) 1. Reopen SS2_chocolate_complete (the spreadsheet you created in Part A and added charts to in Part B of this assessment). 2. Add a new column to this spreadsheet. You should add this column after the Total sales column and name it Re-order. 3.If the Total sales of a chocolate bar are more than 100, then stock needs to be re-ordered. In the Re-order column that you have added to your spreadsheet, create an IF statement to show whether stock needs to be ordered for each chocolate bar. The results of your IF statement should display Yes if stock needs to be re-ordered or No if new stock isn’t required. 4. Once you have completed your IF statement for each chocolate bar, save the changes you have made to your SS2_chocolate_complete spreadsheet. Part D (B1. 3, B2. 2) You will have downloaded some resource files to help you complete this part of the assessment. . From the resource files open the spreadsheet shopdata. 2. Complete the following table. For each task you must complete the action in Excel, and then complete the table with which functions/formula you used. The first task has been completed as an example. |Task |Use one of these three |Which |Type out the formula / one of the |What is the answer | | |functions to complete the |function did |formulas you used |to the initial task? | | |task |you use? | | |Calculate the total number of|SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT |SUM |=SUM(C2:C7) |350 | |sales for Shop 2 in February | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Identify the most popular |SUM, MIN, MAX |MAX |=MAX(B2:B7) |Snickers | |chocolate bar for Shop 1 in | | | | | |January | | | | | |Calculate the total number of|3D reference using SUM, 3D |SUM |=SUM(Shop1:Shop3! J5) | | |Mars bars sold by all shops |reference using COUNTIF, 3D | | | | | |reference using MIN / MAX. |*see note | | | | | | | Total=1687 | Remember to save your work in this document. *note: To do this task I used Sort AZ in every Shop with intention to get Mars bars in The position row 5, in every shop I did =SUM(B5:G5) and every result in J5. After I did SUM Part E (B1. 3, B2. 1, B2. 3, B1. 4) You will have downloaded some resource files to help you complete this part of the assessment. 1. From the resource files open the document shopdata. 2. For each of the three Shop worksheets, add a new column after June and name it Average. 3.Work out the average number of sales for each chocolate bar in Shop 2. Display the results in the column Average. 4. Sort the Shop 2 worksheet so that the chocolate bar with the least average sales appears at the top, and the chocolate bar with the most average sales appears at the bottom of the spreadsheet. 5. Go to the Shop 1 worksheet. Type the text Shop 2 in a cell in column A. Create a hyperlink using this text which links to the Shop 2 worksheet. Save the file with the n ame: SS2_shopdata_complete Part F (B3. 1, B3. 2, B3. 3, B3. 4, B3. 5, B3. 6, B3. 7) 1. Open the spreadsheet you created in Part A of this assessment, which should be saved with the filename SS2_chocolate_complete. Using the Save as unction, create another file and give it the file name SS2_chocolate2_complete. †¢ Apply bold formatting to all the text in Row 1 †¢ Apply bold formatting to all the text in Column A †¢ Change the text colour of Row 1 to red †¢ Adjust the size of Column F so that the text ‘Total sales’ appears on one line †¢ Insert an outline border to your spreadsheet, and also an inside border to all cells 2. Open the worksheet Chart 1 †¢ Give the x axis the name chocolate bar type †¢ Give the y axis the name customer price †¢ Change the chart type from Column to Bar †¢ Give this chart a suitable title †¢ A legend should be applied, if appropriate. 3. Open the worksheet Chart 2.Add a suitable chart title, le gend, x-axis label and y-axis label to this chart. 4. Check the formatting, spelling and data accuracy of all your work, and respond appropriately to any problems. Describe how you did this. Using Print Preview to view the document. I adjusted the margins, with Page Layout (Margins), which were too wide, necessitating 2 pages to show chart 2. I checked the layout for the first chart and resized the second chart to fit the page. Next, I renamed sheet 1&2 to chart 1&2 on the spreadsheets ss2_chocolate_complete and on ss2_chocolate2_complete respectively. I did this by right clicking on the sheet tab, using Rename I typed in the correct name (chart 1& chart 2).In Review, I used the Spelling & Grammar option to check the whole documents & corrected mistakes. I checked all formulas manually to be sure they are working automatically. Remember to save the spreadsheet with the file name: SS2_chocolate2_complete Sending work Once you have completed all parts of this Assessment, you will need to send your work to your tutor so he or she can see the progress you have made. Send the following files: 1. This document with completed sections. 2. SS2_chocolate_complete 3. SS2_chocolate2_complete 4. SS2_shopdata_complete When you’re ready, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your files to your tutor via your My Study area.

Bio-Psychosocial Model of Health and Illness

BIO-PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS INTRODUCTION The medical model has been the predominant approach used by physicians in diagnosing and management of diseases and illness in most Western countries. The biomedical model of illness and healing focuses on purely biological factors, and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. According to this model, good health is the freedom from pain, disease, or defect. It focuses on physical processes that affect health, such as the biochemistry, physiology, and pathology of a condition.It does not account for social or psychological factors that could have a role in the illness. In this model, each illness has one underlying cause, and once that cause is removed, the patient will be healthy again, (Alloy, Jaconson,& Acocella,(1999). The bio-psychosocial model of understanding disease process arose from the context of changing conceptualisations of mind and body and the emergence of new fields of enquiry, including h ealth psychology, medical sociology, behavioural medicine and psychoneuroimmunology, Barlow,D.H. & Durand V. M. (1999). According to Engel (1977, 1980), human beings are complex systems and illness can be caused by a multitude of factors, not just a single factor such as a virus or bacteria. This is an attempts to move away from a simple linear model of health, to assess the effects of the combination of factors involved in illness, that is; biological (for example, virus & genes), psychological (for example, stress, behaviours, & beliefs) and social/environmental (for example, employment & neighbourhood).Engel (1977) argued that the best and most effective way of dealing with disease and illness is by the application of the three approaches that are related to human health. According to him the three interact in a very complex way and all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease and illness. Health is therefore better understood and managed when the th ree approaches are combined rather than handling it from a purely biomedical perspective.The biopsychosocial model of understanding diseases and illnesses is also similar to the World Health Organization’s definition of health ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ (WHO, 1946). BIOMEDICAL MODEL The biological model was the leading approach of understanding diseases and illnesses since the 19th century. It gained strength from researches in physiology and medicine that led in identification of infectious agents that cause diseases,(Maher & Maher,1985). It evolved from a Greek physician Galen’s germ theory concept of pathogens in 200 AD.He declared pathogens as the sole disease causing agents. The medical model therefore aimed at doing researches to identify all pathogens that caused diseases for the purpose of providing the right diagnoses for different diseases. For the proponents of this model, every illness is a symptom of a particular disease which has also been caused by a particular pathogen. The model also later focused on normalizing genetic related abnormalities and injuries. The model therefore focused on the physical processes such as the pathology, the biochemistry and physiology of disease and illnesses (Hoeksema, 2001).The biomedical model uses the traditional reductionist biomedical model of medicine that presumes that every disease process can be explained in terms of an underlying deviation from the normal function such as a pathogen, genetic or developmental abnormality or injury,(Sarno:1998). This argument presumes that illness is always due to abnormalities in the body's working systems. It is the basis of modern Western medical practice. It works on the theory that every bodily malfunction has an identifiable and diagnosable physiological cause that can also be managed or treated using the conventional medicine.The biomedical model tends to t ake a curative approach to illness (Price,1978). According to Sarason & Sarason, (2005). Biomedical approach focuses its attention on physical symptoms and therefore the normal physical state is a state of being whole and without any physical, mental disease and free from any pain, so that all the parts of the body can carry on their proper functions fully. According to Alloy, Jaconson, and Acocella (1999), the biomedical model compares abnormal behavior to any other disease and therefore has specific causes and specific set of symptoms.Therefore the medical model also implies that the abnormal behaviour is biogenic, that is, it results from a malfunction within the body especially the brain. This suggests that psychological symptoms are due to structural abnormalities in the brain’s neurotransmitter systems, or faulty genes. Biogenic theories of abnormal behavior have been in existence since ancient times. In the middle ages and the renaissance, they coexisted with supernatu ral theory which believed that abnormal behavior was caused by God or more often by the devil (Hoeksema, 2001).In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, religious explanations were gradually replaced by biological explanations. The newly dominant medical approach was soon strengthened by a series of important breakthroughs which was done through biomedical researches and therefore several previously unexplained behavior patterns were found to result from brain pathologies((Hoeksema, 2001). Such discoveries strengthened greatly the biogenic theory of abnormal behavior. Medicine was therefore increasingly assumed would ultimately discover the cure for ‘madness’ as it was commonly called.On this assumption, any case of mental abnormality was referred to a medical professional, (Alloy, Jaconson, Acocella,(1999). According to the proponent of this model, the abnormal behavior should best be handled by physicians in hospitals and by means of drugs and that the whole p roblem of deviant behavior should be conceptualized in medical terms such as symptoms, syndromes, pathology, mental illness, patient, diagnosis, treatment and cure,(Price,1978). EVALUATION OF THE MEDICAL MODEL STRENGTHS:The medical model introduced objectivity in the understanding and management of diseases and illnesses by applying scientific methods of research, diagnosis and treatment. The model has also given insight into the causes of some conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, an organic condition causing confusion in the elderly, (Alloy, Jaconson, Acocella, (1999). According to Sarason, & Sarason (2005), by use of the biological model, treatment is quick and, relative to alternatives, and sometimes cheap and easy to administer.It has proved to be effective in controlling serious mental illnesses like schizophrenia allowing patients who would otherwise have to remain in hospital rather than to live at home. Finally the sickness label has reduced the fear of those with mental disorders. This is because historically, they were thought to be possessed by evil spirits or the devil, majority of them especially women, who were burned as witches, (Maher, & Maher: 1985). CRITICISMS OF BIOMEDICAL MODEL One of the critics of biomedical model of mental illness was Thomas Szasz.In his book â€Å"The Myth of the Mental Illness’ (Szasz, 1961), he postulated the so called most of what was commonly referred to as mental illnesses were merely ‘problems in living’. According to him the whole concept of mental illness was a myth as it could not withstand the laid down biomedical diagnostic procedures. For Szasz, psychiatrists over-relied on social criteria rather than medical standardized procedures to diagnose mental disorders. He argued that mental assessment relied on the patient’s coping skills for example, with families, friends and social responsibilities to determine a disorder ((Szasz, 1961).Szasz argued that psychiatric diagnosis, was unlike physical diagnosis all about social judgment. According to Szasz, the ‘sick’ label also deprives people of the responsibility for their behavior and relegates them to a passive role that makes it hard for them to return to the normal behavior. After many years in the biomedical research, evidence shows there still remained many patterns of abnormal behavior for which no medical causality was identified, yet the biomedical researchers were confident that such causes were eventually to be found,(Price,1978).Biomedical model does not take into account the role of social factors or individual subjectivity in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and illnesses. The model overlooks the fact that the diagnosis (that will affect treatment of the patient) is a result of negotiation between the doctor and the patient, (Annandale,1998). Using reductionism method of both research and diagnosis in the biomedical model, the model attempts to reduce the explanations of health an d illness to the smallest possible factors.Nevertheless human beings and ill-health are not this simple. There may be a lot of different causes from social to psychological to genetic. The biomedical model is a single-factor and therefore looks for the cause, rather than a range of contributory factors, (Alloy, Jaconson, Acocella, 1999). Using biomedical model, there lacks the mind-body distinction. The mind and body are considered separately and they do not affect one another, which research has proved is not the case. Health is traditionally equated to the absence of disease.A lack of a fundamental pathology was thought to define one's health as good, whereas biologically driven pathogens and conditions would render an individual with poor health and the label â€Å"diseased†. However, such a narrow scope on health limited our understanding of wellbeing, thwarted our treatments efforts, and perhaps more importantly, suppressed preventive measures, (Sarno, 1998). PSYCHOLOGIC AL MODELS OF UNDERSTANDING TO DISEASE PROCESSES In contrast to the medical model, thoughts, feelings and behaviours affect our health and well-being.Recognition of the importance of these influences on health and disease is consistent with evolving conceptions of the interactions between the mind and the body and represents a significant change in medicine and the life sciences,( Baum & Posluszny, 1999). There are psychological theories that argues that the mind prays a pivotal role in matters related to diseases and illnesses. According such theories, disturbed or abnormal behavior for example may be explained physiologically and also psychologically.Conditions like Schiszophrenia and depression have both physiological and psychological explanations of causality and management. Some of the psychological perspectives of that deal with health and well-being of human beings are; The Psychodynamic Perspective: Psychodynamic approach to abnormal behaviour assumes that abnormal behavior arises or originates from unconscious unresolved psychological conflicts. According to Sigmund Freud(1925) behaviour is motivated by internal or psychological forces. Abnormality according to him is caused by an imbalance in the internal forces that motivate behaviour.He believed that mental illness arises from unresolved conscious conflicts, which usually occur in early childhood According to Freud, the unconscious forms about 90% of the human mind, and the remaining 10% is conscious. People are not able to access the contents of their own unconscious mind. Traumatic memories, inappropriate desires, and unresolved conflicts are buried in the unconscious mind by ego defense mechanisms such as repression. The contents of the unconscious mind for example, a childhood trauma, may still influence behaviour and this can lead to abnormality (Santrock,2007).According to psychodynamic proponents, another source of abnormality arises from extremes either from id or from the superego; Weak eg o: According to psychodynamics, the well adjusted people have a strong ego, that is, they able to cope with the demands of both the id and the superego by allowing each to express itself at appropriate times. If, however, the ego is weakened, then either the id or the superego, whichever is stronger, may dominate the personality leading to deviant behavior and neurotism.Unchecked id impulses: Freud argued that, if id impulses are unchecked they may be expressed in self-destructive and immoral behaviour. This may lead to disorders such as conduct disorders in childhood and psychopathic behaviour in adulthood. Too powerful superego: According to Freund, a superego that is too powerful, and therefore too harsh and inflexible in its moral values, will restrict the id to such an extent that the person will be deprived of even socially acceptable pleasures. According to him this would create neurosis, which could be expressed in the symptoms of anxiety disorders, such as phobias and obses sions.The Behaviourist Perspective This approach believes that behavior is learned based on reinforcement. Therefore it is sustained its consequences. Therefore the maladaptive behavior is learned through reward while it can also be relearned, (Slavin, 2003). The proponents of this model argues that deviant behavior can be managed through; Shaping: This involves guiding behavior toward goals by reinforcing the many steps that lead to success. Extinction: This approach involves removing reinforcers from previously learned behavior until the behavior disappears.Extinction burst: This process involves the increase in levels of behavior in the early stages of extinction. Positive reinforcement: This a technique of sustaining a desired behavior for example, applying praise after doing something desirable. Negative reinforcement: this is a technique of escaping from an unpleasant or a way of preventing unpleasant behavior from occurring. Punishment – consequences that weaken behavi or; punishment like reinforcement is in the eye of the receiver and the impact on behavior, (Slavin, 2003). Cognitive Theoretical Model:The cognitive perspective maintains that peoples’ way of interpreting situations determine their emotional and behavioral symptoms,(Hoeksema, 2001). Abnormal behavior is a product of negative or erroneous thinking and perception about oneself and of the environment. The proponents of this theory argue that the human being is not a passive organism, but is capable of processing information and comprehend the relationship between cause and effect. According to Beck (1921), maladaptive behavior may result from faulty or distorted interpretation of the reality.Therefore false or negative view of the world can easily lead to illness or abnormal behavior. For example, a negative view of oneself can lead to negative interpretation and negative expectations of the future. These negative belief systems and erroneous view of the world can lead to depre ssion, (Halligan,& Aylward,(Eds. ) 2006). Accord to Albert Ellis (1959), the goal of cognitive therapy is to help people change their irrational beliefs into rational beliefs. This is done by the therapist creating insights in a person’s mind through the process of disputing the client's irrational beliefs, (Santrock,2007).Humanist Model of Abnormal Behaviour According to the humanistic approach and existentialists theories, symptoms of abnormal behavior arise when people are not allowed to pursue their full potential and instead they are made or try to conform to others wishes,(Hoeksema,(2001). According to Carl Rogers, â€Å"The organism has one basic tendency and striving: to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism† (Rogers, 1951). According to him, abnormal behavior can be managed through working to remove incongruences, defense mechanisms, and developing positive personal self-regard.SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACHES Interpersonal theorists focus on the role of interpersonal relationships in shaping normal and abnormal behavior. Family system theorists suggests that abnormality among individual family members is the result of dysfunctional patterns of interaction within families that encourage and maintain psychopathology,(Hoeksema,2001). Social structural theorists on the other hand focus on the influence of structural factors in the environment and cultures on individuals’ behavior, (Barlow & Durand,1999). The Role of Psychological State in health mattersCurrent psychological researches especially in the field of Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), indicate that psychological state can influence the body immunity through the nervous system. The studies suggest that, not only can psychological state influence health, but beliefs may also influence health directly. In particular, research has focused on the capacity of psychological factors (such as mood, thought suppression and stress) to modify immune functioning,(Ogden, 2004). A ccording to various studies, positive mood is associated with better immune functioning, whereas negative mood is associated with poorer immune functioning (Stone et al. 1987). Humour appears to be particularly beneficial (Dillon, Minchoff & Baker, 1985). Certain coping styles (such as suppression and denial) may relate to illness onset and progression (e. g. Kune et al. , 1991), while thought expression through writing or disclosure groups may improve immune functioning,(Pennebaker et al. , 1988; Petrie, Booth & Pennebaker, 1998). Kiecolt-Glaser and Glaser (1986) argued that stress causes a decrease in the hormones produced to fight carcinogens (factors that cause cancer) and repair DNA.In particular, cortisol decreases the number of active T cells, which can increase the rate of tumour development. This suggests that experiencing stress while being ill could exacerbate the illness through physiological changes. So if the illness itself is appraised as being stressful, this itself may be damaging to the chances of recovery. According to Ogden (2000), chronic illnesses, such as asthma, AIDS, cancer, coronary heart disease and multiple sclerosis, are another important areas of health that research indicates that psychological factors play important role.Coronary heart disease (CHD) for example, is caused by hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), which are narrowed by fatty deposits. This can result in angina (pain) or a heart attack (myocardial infarction). CHD is responsible for 33 per cent of deaths in men under 65 and 28 per cent of all deaths. It is the leading cause of death in the UK, killing 4300 men and 2721 women per million in 1992. It has been estimated that CHD cost the National Health Service in the UK about ? 390 million in 1985/86, (Ogden, 2000).Many risk factors for chronic heart disease which are modifiable have been identified, for example, smoking, alcohol, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, perceived work stress and high blood pressure. Acc ording to Friedman and Rosenman (1959,’78) type A behaviour is characterized by excessive competitiveness, vigour, energy, alertness, confidence, loud speaking, rapid speaking, tense clipped speech, impatience, hostility, interrupting, frequent use of the word ‘never’ and frequent use of the word ‘absolutely’, In the 1980s Karasek developed a job demand/job control model of stress.He proposed the ‘job demand control hypothesis’, whose aim was to reduce job strain. According to Karasek and Theorell, (1990), there are two aspects of job strain; job demands and job autonomy (which reflects the person’s control over the speed or the nature of decisions made within the job). Karasek’s hypothesis suggests that high job demands and low job autonomy predict CHD. He later in his included the concept of social support, which he defined in terms of emotional support (trust and social cohesion between co-workers) and instrumental socia l support (the provision of extra resources and assistance).All the above conditions involve in their therapy psychological related techniques that includes; exercises, behavior modifications and cognitive therapies. A Multi Perspective Approach to Disease and Illnesses The model recognizes four systems centered on the person; organs, the whole person, behaviour, and social role function. It also considers the four contextual factors that influence these systems, that is; personal factors, physical environment, social environment, and time.This model also draws attention to two important components of any holistic model of health, choice (free-will) and quality of life, (McKeown,1979), This approach advocates the importance of looking at health and human behavior from scientific, psychological and social cultural approach. According to this model abnormal behavior is therefore effectively dealt with from these three points of view. Psychologically the unobservable events of the mind , such as attitudes, memories, and desires are unquestionably involved in most of psychopathology(Alloy, Jacobson &acocella,1999).According to Ndetei(2006), Culture and religion also play an important role in the development and management of psychopathology. Over the last century, health behaviours have played an increasingly important role in health and illness. This relationship has been highlighted by McKeown’s book, The Role of Medicine (1979), which discusses the decline of infectious diseases in the nineteenth century, which forms the focus for medical sociology. It also highlights the increasing role of behavior in illness in the twentieth century.The commonly held view is that the decline in illnesses such as TB, measles, smallpox and whooping cough was related to the development of medical interventions such as chemotherapy and vaccinations. But McKeown showed that the decline in infectious diseases had already begun, before the development of medical interventions. He claimed that, looking back over the past three centuries, this decline is best understood in terms of social and environmental factors. McKeown also examined health and illness throughout the twentieth century.He argued that contemporary illness is caused by an individual’s own behaviours, such as whether they smoke, what they eat and how much exercise they take, and he suggested that good health was dependent on tackling these habits. It has been suggested that 50 per cent of mortality from the ten leading causes of death is due to behaviour. If this is correct, then behaviour and lifestyle have a potentially major effect on longevity. For example, Doll and Peto (1981) estimated that tobacco consumption accounts for 30 per cent of all cancer deaths, alcohol 3 per cent, diet 35 per cent, and reproductive and sexual behaviour 7 per cent.Approximately 75 per cent of all deaths due to cancer are related to behaviour. More specifically, lung cancer (the most common form) acco unts for 36 per cent of all cancer deaths in men and 15 per cent in women in the UK. It has been calculated that 90 per cent of all lung cancer mortality is attributable to cigarette smoking, which is also linked to other illnesses such as cancers of the bladder, pancreas, mouth, larynx and oesophagus, and to coronary heart disease.And bowel cancer, which accounts for 11 per cent of all cancer deaths in men and 14 per cent in women, appears to be linked to diets high in total fat, high in meat and low in fibre, Doll and Peto (1981). In summary The proponents of the biopsychosocial model argue that the biomedical model alone does not take into account all of the factors that have an impact on a patient's health. Biological issues, as well as psychological factors such as a patient's mood, occupation, intelligence, memory, level of education and perceptions are all considered when making a diagnosis.The biomedical approach may not, for example, take into account the role sociological factors like family, social class, or a patient's environment may have on causing a health condition, and thus offer little insight into how illness may be prevented. A patient who complains of symptoms that have no obvious objective cause might also be dismissed as not being ill, despite the very real effect those symptoms may have on the patient's daily life.The biopsychosocial model of understanding disease process accomplished a milestone that brought about a dramatic shift in focus from disease to health, recognizing that psychosocial factors (for example; beliefs, relationships, and stress) greatly impact recovery, the progression of and recuperation from illness and disease. While the traditional biomedical models of clinical medicine focused on pathophysiology and other biological approaches to disease, the biopsychosocial approach emphasize the importance of understanding human health and illness in their fullest contexts. CONCLUTION:This model recognizes human beings as co mplex systems and illness can be caused by a multitude of factors, not just a single factor such as a virus or bacteria. Biopsychosocial model therefore attempts to move away from a simple linear model of health and looks at the combination of factors involved in illness; biological (for example, a virus), psychological (for example, behaviours, beliefs) and social (for example, employment). Since in biopsychosocial model , illness is regarded as the result of a combination of factors, the individual is no longer simply seen as a passive victim of some external force, such as a virus.Acknowledging the role of behaviours such as smoking, diet, exercises and alcohol, for example, means that the individual may be held responsible for their health and illness. From this perspective, health and illness exist on a continuum. Rather than being either healthy or ill, individuals progress along a continuum from healthiness to illness and back again. The biopsychosocial model of understanding disease process maintains that the mind and body interact, and therefore it considers psychological factors as not only possible consequences of illness but as contributing to all the stages of health, from being healthy to being illness.Current Application of Biopsychosocial Model: The biopsychosocial model of illness seems to be a significant advance upon the biomedical model of illness. It has been used as the basis of a system for classification of various aspects of illnesses as found in various diagnostic tools for example, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM), and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases. The apply the biopsychosocial model of diagnosing diseases and illnesses and have therefore become the international criteria for mental illness.REFERENCES 1. Alloy, L. B. , Jaconson,N. S. , Acocella,J. (1999). Abnormal Psychology: Current Perspectives (8th. ed). Boston: Mcgraw-Hill . 2. Barlow,D. H. & Durand V. M. ,(1999). Abnormal Psy chology: An Integrative Aproach. Boston:Core Publishing House. 3. Baum, A. & Posluszny, M. D. ,(1999). Health psychology: Mapping biobehavioral contributions to health and illness. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 137–163. 4. Bruns D, Disorbio J. M. , (2006). Chronic Pain and Biopsychosocial Disorders. Practical Pain Management, March, volume 6, issue 2. 5. DiMatteo, M.R. , Haskard, K. B. , & Williams, S. L. , (2007). Health beliefs, disease severity, and patient adherence: A meta-analysis. Medical Care, 45, 521-528. 6. Doll R, Peto R. Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years' observations on male British doctors. Br Med J. 1976 Dec 25;2(6051):1525–36. 7. Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science;196:129-136. 8. Frankel, R. M. , Quill, T. E. , McDaniel, S. H. (Eds. )(2003): The Biopsychosocial Approach: Past, Present, Future. Rochester :University of Rochester Press. . Gatchel, R. J. & Oordt, M. S. , (2003). Clinical health psychology and primary care: Practical advice and clinical guidance for successful collaboration. American Psychological Association: Washington, D. C. 10. Halligan, P. W. , & Aylward, M. (Eds. ), (2006). The Power of Belief: Psychosocial influence on illness, disability and medicine. Oxford University Press, UK. 11. Hoeksema, S. N. , (2001). Abnormal Psychology (2nd ed). Boston: McGraw Hill. 12. Maher, B. A. , & Maher, W. B (1985). Psychopathology: From the Eighteenth Century to Modern Times.In G. A. Kimbe & K. Schlesinger(Eds), Topics in the history of psychology(295-329). 13. McKeown’s book, The Role of Medicine (1979), The Lancet, Volume 371, Issue 9613, Pages 644 – 645, 23 February 2008. 14. McLeod, S. A. , (2008). Medical Model – Treating Mental Disorders. http://www. simplypsychology. org/medical-model. html 15. Ndetei D. MSzabo,C. P. ,Okasha,T. ,J. M. ,(2006). The AfricanTextbook of Clinical Psychiatry and mental Health. Nairobi: The African medic al and Research Foundation (AMREF). 16. Ogden, J. (2012).Health Psychology: A Textbook (5th ed. ). Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press 17. Price, R. H. , (1978). Abnormal Behaviour: Perspectives In Conflict(2nd. ed. ). New York: Holt, Renehart and Winstorn. 18. Slavin R. E. , (2011). Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice (10th Edition). ISBN-10: 0137034350. 19. Santrock, J. W. ,(2007). A Topical Approach to Human Life-span Development (3rd ed. ). St. Louis, MO: McGraw-Hill. 20. Sarason, I. G. & Sarason B. R. ,(2005). Abnormal Psychology: The Problem of maladaptive Behaviour(11th. d. ). New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India. 21. Sarno, J. E. (1998). The Mind-body Prescription: Healing the Body, Healing the Pain. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-52076-4. 22. Stone, A. A. ,Bovbjerg,D. H. ,Neale, J. M. , et (1992). † Development of Common cold Symptoms following experimental rhino virus†Behavioral Medicine. Fall,115-120. 23. Szasz, T. S. , (1961), The Myth of Mental Illness, New York: Holber-Harper, 24. World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946.